Vaccination programs are one of the most effective and common types of public health interventions. Typically, programs may be in the form of recommendations or run by governmental health departments or nationalized health care systems. For instance, in the U.S., the Center for Disease Control decides on a vaccination schedule,[8] and most private health insurers cover these vaccinations. In the UK, the NHS both decides and implements vaccination protocols. NGOs also may be involved in funding or implementing vaccination programs; for instance Bill and
Melinda Gates Foundation assists governments in Pakistan, Nigeria and Afghanistan with the administration of polio vaccination.[9]